L · Listening
Lecture notes
Part 4 is a structured talk. The notes on the page follow the lecture’s headings in order.
Lesson
- Use the heading and the words around each gap to predict grammar: noun, number, or adjective.
- Answers are usually one or two words taken from the talk, not a paraphrase you invent.
- Signpost language tells you when to move down the page: “Turning to…”, “The second factor…”, “Finally…”.
- Do not panic if a sentence is dense. The word that fills the gap is often repeated or spelled out.
Lecturer: Early polar expeditions failed less because of cold than because of diet. Without fresh produce, crews developed scurvy. Later voyages carried citrus, which supplied the missing vitamin C and cut illness dramatically.