R · Reading
True / False / Not Given
True matches the text. False contradicts it. Not Given means the text does not settle the point.
Lesson
- TRUE: the statement and the passage say the same thing, even if the wording differs.
- FALSE: the passage states the opposite, a different number, or a different cause.
- NOT GIVEN: you cannot prove the statement from the text. Do not use outside knowledge.
- Extreme words (always, only, all, never) are often FALSE or NOT GIVEN.
- If the passage is silent on a comparison or a reason, choose NOT GIVEN.
Although fossil records preserve only a fraction of ancient life, they still reveal patterns of sudden extinction followed by diversification. Paleontologists therefore treat incompleteness as a constraint, not a reason to abandon comparative study.